What medical specialty focuses specifically on the surgical and medical treatment of eye conditions?

The correct choice is B, as ophthalmology is the medical specialty dedicated specifically to the surgical and medical treatment of eye conditions. This field encompasses a broad range of practices related to eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases, performing eye surgery, and prescribing medications for various ocular conditions. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who have specialized training in the anatomy, function, and diseases of the eye, which allows them to provide comprehensive care that includes both medical and surgical interventions.

In contrast, optometry primarily focuses on vision care and the prescription of corrective lenses, rather than performing surgeries. Vision science is an academic discipline that studies the structure, function, and perception of vision, but it does not involve direct medical treatment. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of light and its interaction with matter, which is relevant to lens design and visual aids but not directly to the medical treatment of eye conditions. Thus, ophthalmology uniquely encompasses both the medical and surgical aspects of eye care, making it the correct answer.