A patient with two different colored irises is diagnosed with what condition?

The condition characterized by having two different colored irises is known as heterochromia. Heterochromia can occur as a result of genetic factors, a medical condition, or an injury. It reflects a variation in the distribution or concentration of melanin in the iris, leading to the distinct coloring.

Other conditions such as aniridia, asthenopia, and cataract are not related to the presence of different colored irises. Aniridia refers to the absence of an iris altogether, asthenopia is eye strain or discomfort often related to prolonged visual tasks, and cataracts involve clouding of the lens of the eye, which does not affect iris color. Therefore, the most accurate identification of the condition linked to differently colored irises is heterochromia.